Skip to main content

Table 2 Peak amplitude of wave intensity and wave energy in the common carotid

From: A Systematic Review of Wave Speed and Wave Intensity Measures in the Human Carotid Arteries

Method

Units

FCW intensity

BCW intensity

FEW intensity

Units

FCW energy

BCW energy

FEW energy

Population

References

dPdU

NB: Median values

W/m2

9.6

– 1.8

2.0

W/m2

403

– 99

58

Healthy women (n = 49, age 45 ± 12)

[45]

8.7

– 1.5

1.4

315

– 80

50

Healthy men (n = 57, age 47 ± 13)

dPdU

scaled by the excess pressure with an assumed peak aortic flow velocity of 1 m s − 1

Wm−2 s-−2 × 104

224 ± 76

13 ± 9

61 ± 24

    

Framingham volunteers (n = 1617, age 66 ± 9 years, 814 men)

[93]

dPdU

scaled by the excess pressure with the measured peak aortic flow in each individual

212 ± 88

12 ± 10

58 ± 24

    

dPdU

scaled by the excess pressure with an assumed peak aortic flow velocity of 1 m s − 1

Wm−2 s-−2 × 104

222 ± 73

13 ± 9

61 ± 25

    

Framingham volunteers; healthy individuals (n = 1344)

 

232 ± 83

12 ± 13

62 ± 24

    

Framingham volunteers; Individuals with Cardiovascular Disease (n = 192)

 

242 ± 103

11 ± 8

61 ± 25

    

Framingham volunteers; Individuals with only Valvular Disease (n = 81)

 

236 ± 91

9 ± 8

65 ± 21

    

Framingham volunteers; Individuals with CHF (n = 18)

 

dPdU

W/m2

16.8 ± 1.5*

2.2 ± 0.4*

2.1 ± 0.2*

mJ/m2

616.9 ± 55.0

108.9 ± 15.9

75.7 ± 5.0

Healthy volunteers (n = 21, 14 men, 44 ± 6 years)

[42]

dPdU

W/m2

13.8 ± 7.3

1.4 ± 0.8

2.9 ± 1.3

    

Hypertensive, treated, volunteers (n = 12, 12 men, 63 ± 9 years)

[67]

dPdU

W/m2

335 ± 174

108 ± 63

59 ± 27

    

Normotensive volunteers (n = 20, 13 men, 56 ± 4 years)

[74]

376 ± 129

87 ± 43

73 ± 32

   

Hypertensive volunteers (n = 21, 14 men, 58 ± 8 years)

486 ± 148

123 ± 74

87 ± 45

   

Hypertensive volunteers after 3 months of barnidipine therapy

414 ± 147

98 ± 47

5 ± 33

   

Hypertensive volunteers after 6 months of barnidipine therapy

dPdU

Tonometry

W m−2

2.22 ± 1.11

0.15 ± 0.13

0.20 ± 0.27

    

(n = 22, 13 men, aged 49 ± 17 years)

[63]

dPdU

Linear US-derived

W m−2

1.17 ± 0.43

0.28 ± 0.19

0.12 ± 0.07

   

(n = 22, 13 men, aged 49 ± 17 years)

dPdU

Exponential US-derived

W m−2

1.35 ± 0.47

0.42 ± 0.26

0.18 ± 0.10

   

(n = 22, 13 men, aged 49 ± 17 years)

dPdU

Accelerometric

W m−2

1.79 ± 0.98

0.19 ± 0.17

0.24 ± 0.27

   

(n = 22, 13 men, aged 49 ± 17 years)

dPdU

Median

    

J/m2

0.69

 

0.16

Placebo (n = 62, 57 male, age 64 ± 7 years)

[65]

   

0.71

 

0.16

Atorvastatin (n = 78, 70 male, age 64 ± 8 years)

dPdU

W m−2

19.6 ± 9.0

1.8*

4.3 ± 2.1

mJ/m−2

701 ± 201

114 ± 76

167 ± 83

Amlodipine-based regimen, ASCOT substudy (n = 122, 99 men, 64.3 ± 7.1 years)

[66]

18.7 ± 8.3

1.9*

4.0 ± 1.9

694 ± 295

126 ± 65

162 ± 79

Atenolol-based regimen, ASCOT sub-study (n = 138, 119 men, 63.3 ± 7.6 years)

dPdU

    

mJ/ m2

745 ± 46

75 ± 13

149 ± 16

Healthy volunteers (n = 29,13 men, age 60 ± 9 years)

[59]

   

467 ± 29

73 ± 8

144 ± 11

Compensated systolic heart failure patients on medication (n = 67, 42 men, age 66 ± 10 years)

dDdU

m2/s

2.60 ± 1.41·10−7

0.22 ± 0.14

     

(n = 1774, 840 men, age 45.8 ± 6 years)

[24]

dDdU

10−6 m2/s

0.16 ± 0.06

 − 0.05 ± 0.02

0.04 ± 0.01

10−9 m2

4.83 ± 1.76

 − 1.52 ± 0.70

0.60 ± 0.21

Healthy volunteers (n = 12, 6 men, 27 ± 2 years)

Rest Day 1

[69]

0.39 ± 0.16

 − 0.13 ± 0.08

0.06 ± 0.02

9.66 ± 3.56

2.85 ± 1.61

1.13 ± 0.41

Exercise 1

0.15 ± 0.10

 − 0.05 ± 0.02

0.03 ± 0.01

4.50 ± 2.32

1.50 ± 0.65

0.56 ± 0.21

Rest Day 2

0.39 ± 0.23

 − 0.13 ± 0.07

0.06 ± 0.02

9.53 ± 5.0

2.97 ± 1.77

1.17 ± 0.46

Exercise Day 2

dP/dt × dU/dt

mmHg x m x s−3 × 10–3

31.0 ± 2.6

 

5.24 ± 0.79

    

Control (n = 20, 12 men, age 13.4 ± 6.0 years)

[79]

48.1 ± 4.4

 

3.00 ± 0.55

   

Fontan (n = 34, 16 men, age 11.5 ± 8.6 years)

dP/dt × dU/dt

 × 103 mmHg m/s3

7.1 ± 2.6

 

1.9 ± 1.1

    

Control group (n = 21, 7 men, age 58 ± 13 years)

[94]

25.0 ± 19.8

 

2.4 ± 1.6

   

Control group at peak exercise

10.3 ± 4.2

 

2.2 ± 1.1

   

Hypertensives (n = 21, 10 men, age 71 ± 6 years)

19.9 ± 12.3

 

3.3 ± 1.9

   

Hypertensive group at peak exercise

dP/dt × dU/dt

mmHg m/s3

6951 ± 4119

 

1950 ± 1006

    

Survivors of patients with congestive heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (n = 39, age 69.6 ± 12.7)

[80]

5748 ± 3891

 

1117 ± 708

   

Non-survivors of patients with congestive heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (n = 23, age 69.1 ± 9.2)

dP/dt × dU/dt

mmHg m/s3

12.37 ± 6.89 × 103

 

3.22 ± 1.81 × 103

    

Male healthy volunteers (n = 388, age 43.0 ± 17.4)

[81]

9.75 ± 4.88 × 103

 

2.98 ± 1.69 × 103

   

Female healthy volunteers (n = 292, age 44.8 ± 17.7)

dP/dt × dU/dt

mmHg m/s3

9308 ± 4675

 

2995 ± 1868

    

Normotensive (n = 145, 91 men, age 50 ± 10.1)

[82]

13,646 ± 7368

 

4289 ± 2017

   

Hypertensive (n = 145, 96 men, age 51.9 ± 12.1)

dP/dt × dU/dt

103 mmHg m/s3

9.36 ± 4.70

 

1.89 ± 1.06

mmHg m/s2

 

43.33 ± 22.07

 

Healthy volunteers (n = 80, 34 men, age 34.5 ± 10.6 age range 17–57 years)

[95]

21.95 ± 12.08

 

2.39 ± 1.61

 

77.90 ± 51.32

 

Hyperthyroid (n = 86, 33 men, age 37.4 ± 10.5 years, age range 18–57 years)

dP/dt × dU/dt

/103 mmHg m/s3

14.7 ± 7.1

 

1.9 ± 1.2

    

N = 22 (22 men, age 21.7 ± 1.4 years)

[96]

dP/dt × dU/dt

mmHg m/s3

9.1 ± 4.3 × 103

 

1.5 ± 0.7 × 103

mmHg m/s2

 

21 ± 9

 

Healthy volunteers (n = 13, 9 men, age 47 ± 10)

[97]

dP/dt × dU/dt

mmHg m s−3

(log x)

0.96 ± 0.2

1.53 ± 0.3

0.28 ± 0.3

    

Healthy volunteers, before exercise (n = 55, 12 men, age 22 ± 5)

[73]

1.55 ± 0.2

2.39 ± 0.7

0.04 ± 0.5

   

After exercise

dP/dt × dU/dt

mmHg m s−3

(log x)

0.88 ± 0.3

1.43 ± 0.4

     

Healthy volunteers, baseline

(n = 16, 16 men, age 26 ± 6)

[78]

1.66 ± 0.3

2.51 ± 0.55

    

Post exercise

dP/dt × dU/dt

mmHg m s−3

 

NB BCW presented as: Ln(X)

     

Healthy volunteers (n = 18, 18 men, age 22 ± 1)

[87]

9.39 ± 0.84

3.25 ± 0.45

    

(control, baseline)

10.65 ± 1.25

3.58 ± 0.3

    

(seated 10 min)

9.66 ± 1.24

3.47 ± 0.23

    

(seated 20 min)

9.13 ± 0.80

3.27 ± 0.28

    

(seated 30 min)

9.31 ± 0.97

3.85 ± 0.35

    

Resistance Exercise

16.61 ± 2.04

4.89 ± 0.47

    

[10 min post exercise]

13.51 ± 1.45

4.22 ± 0.42

    

(20 min post exercise)

11.71 ± 1.31

3.22 ± 0.47

    

[30 min post exercise]

dP/dt × dU/dt

mmHg/m s−1

7.9 ± 0.9

38.7 ± 7.8

2.5 ± 0.6

    

Healthy volunteers (n = 10, 5 men, age 42 ± 13 years)

[76]

8.7 ± 1.3

32.6 ± 6.1

1.6 ± 0.2

   

Control group (60 min)

8.6 ± 1.1

36.8 ± 9.4

1.8 ± 0.3

   

Caffeine group (baseline) (n = 17, 8men, age 42 ± 13 years)

10.5 ± 1.1

46.0 ± 6.9

10.5 ± 1.1

   

Caffeine group (60 min)

dP/dt × dU/dt

mmHg ms−3

9060 ± 330*

 

1763 ± 330*

    

Healthy volunteers (n = 170)

[98]

4,320 ± 420*

     

Dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 36)

  

875 ± 98*

   

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (n = 27)

  

140 ± 130*

   

Mitral regurgitation, before surgery (n = 11)

  

1090 ± 580*

   

Mitral regurgitation, after surgery (n = 11)

9.1 ± 4.3 × 103*

     

Healthy volunteers (n = 13, 9 men, 47 ± 10 years)

Baseline

12.3 ± 5.5 × 103*

     

After sublingual nitroglycerin

dP/dt × dU/dt

mmHg ms−3

9.2 ± 5.1

 

9.0 ± 4.1

mmHg/m/s2

 

71.3 ± 49.2

 

Children of African American descend (n = 154, 66% male, 10.3 ± 0.9 years)

[75]

2.1 ± 1.2

 

2.2 ± 1.3

 

55.2 ± 27.9

 

Children of white descend (n = 115, 64% male, 10.6 ± 0.9 years)

dP/dt × dU/dt

mmHg ms−3

7.3 ± 3.2

 

1.6 ± 1.0

mmHg ms−2

 

32.9 ± 19.1

 

Young men, n = 53, 39 ± 9 years

[83]

5.3 ± 2.2

 

1.5 ± 0.9

 

28.4 ± 16.3

 

Young/premenopausal women, n = 62, 37 ± 10 years

6.7 ± 3.0

 

1.8 ± 0.8

 

26.3 ± 15.8

 

Older men, n = 78, 65 ± 7 years

6.2 ± 3.2

 

1.7 ± 1.1

 

23.5 ± 14.0

 

Older/post-menopausal women, n = 70, 65 ± 7 years

dP/dt × dU/dt

mmHg ms−3

7.4 ± 6.5

  

mmHg/m/s2

 

30.4 ± 26.5

 

Normotensives (n = 30, 16 men, 56 ± 6 years)

pre-exercise

[99]

9.2 ± 5.4

   

34.5 ± 21.5

 

Normotensives, post-exercise

6.8 ± 3.0

   

23.2 ± 10.4

 

Hypertensive volunteers (n = 30, 16 men, 56 ± 6 years)

pre-exercise

8.8 ± 4.8

   

26.6 ± 14.6

 

Hypertensive, post-exercise

dP/dt × dU/dt

mmHg ms−3

9.4 ± 0.8

 

3.2 ± 0.5

mmHg x m x s2

 

47.9 ± 12.9

 

Healthy volunteers (n = 18, 18 men, 22 ± 1 years)

[84]

dP/dt × dU/dt

mmHg ms−3

12,490 ± 4380

 

2400 ± 870

mmHg m/s2

 

37 ± 14

 

Under 25 y, male, n = 12

[100]

9990 ± 1660

 

1657 ± 660

 

33 ± 15

 

Under 25 y, female, n = 10

8590 ± 2130

 

2080 ± 1080

 

36 ± 10

 

26–35 years, male, n = 12

7520 ± 2450

 

1270 ± 380

 

18 ± 8

 

26–35 years, female, n = 11

9740 ± 3920

 

1790 ± 710

 

28 ± 8

 

36–45 years, male, n = 17

5750 ± 2100

 

1070 ± 390

 

20 ± 5

 

36–45 years, female, n = 10

8400 ± 4860

 

1960 ± 603

 

25 ± 9

 

46–55 years, male, n = 10

6300 ± 1680

 

1540 ± 540

 

19 ± 5

 

46–55 years, female, n = 9

9980 ± 3770

 

2640 ± 1420

 

34 ± 17

 

56–66 years, male, n = 11

9710 ± 4030

 

2190 ± 900

 

24 ± 12

 

56–66 years, female, n = 12

8220 ± 3020

 

1590 ± 430

 

22 ± 17

 

Over 66 years, male, n = 12

8570 ± 4260

 

1800 ± 970

 

28 ± 17

 

Over 66 years, female, n = 9

dP/dt × dU/dt

 × 103 mm Hg m/s3

8.5 ± 3.6

 

1.9 ± 0.8

    

Healthy volunteers (n = 98, 60 men, 52 ± 14 years)

[101]

10.7 ± 5.7

 

0.8 ± 0.6

   

Mitral Regurgitation patients, before surgery (n = 98, 60 men, 52 ± 14 years)

8.3 ± 3.7

 

2.4 ± 1.0

   

Mitral Regurgitation patients, after surgery (n = 98, 60 men, 52 ± 14 years)

(dP/dt) × (dU/dt)

mmHg∙m∙s−3

9782 ± 6096

 

2118 ± 1306

mmHg∙m∙s−2

 

54 ± 15

 

Healthy volunteers, Pre—Low-heat stress (n = 11, 11 men, 22 ± 3 years)

[102]

11,545 ± 8315

 

1455 ± 905

 

57 ± 21

 

Post- Low-heat stress

9873 ± 5849

 

1773 ± 714

 

55 ± 36

 

Pre- Moderate-heat stress

11,936 ± 6683

 

2336 ± 1507

 

50 ± 30

 

Post- Moderate-heat stress

(dP/dt) × (dU/dt)

mmHg m/s3

7170 ± 4180

 

1550 ± 590

    

Chronic heart failure with normal ejection fraction (n = 16, 10 men, 59 ± 13 years)

[103]

(dP+/dt)2—(dP-/dt)2/ ρc

mmHg ms−3

14,250 ± 5872

  

DU

mmHg ms−2

 

43.0 ± 27.1

 

Healthy volunteers (n = 10, 10 men)

[104]

(dP/dt) × (dU/dt)

mmHg m/s3

 

mmHg m/s2

 

Hypertensive patients:

[105]

12,470 ± 6618.6

 

3141 ± 2260.7

 

48.41 ± 38.6

 

Normal configuration group (n = 27, 17 men, 49.8 ± 9.2 years)

9721 ± 5003.6

 

2398 ± 1602.5

 

35.43 ± 1.0

 

Concentric remodelling

(n = 42, 22 men, 50.4 ± 11.8 years)

9613 ± 5065.1

 

2268 ± 1636.5

 

39.6 ± 20.3

 

Concentric hypertrophy (n = 62, 32 men, 49.21 ± 12.46 years)

9275 ± 6190.0

 

2367 ± 1921.2

 

32.2 ± 28.3

 

Eccentric hypertrophy (n = 24, 16 men, 58.3 ± 11.4 years)

(dP/dt) × (dU/dt)

mmHg ms−3

7.01 ± 3.62 × 103

 

1.65 ± 0.96 × 103

mmHg ms−3

 

31.7 ± 23.1

 

Control group (n = 37, 24 men, 52.3 ± 13.1 years)

[106]

11.83 ± 7.85 × 103

 

0.85 ± 0.87 × 103

 

34.2 ± 13.0

 

Non-obstructive cardiomyopathy (n = 19, 11 men, 57.3 ± 16.6 years)

13.67 ± 13.49 × 103

 

2.31 ± 1.39 × 103

 

57.6 ± 57.8

 

Left ventricular hypertrophy secondary to systemic arterial hypertension (n = 34, 25 men, 56.4 ± 14.6 years)

(dP/dt) × (dU/dt)

    

W/m2/s × 104

2.18 ± 0.85

0.76 ± 0.27

0.33 ± 0.18

Control (n = 42, age 18.6 ± 0.9, 16 men)

[68]

   

2.45 ± 1.11

0.84 ± 0.34

0.34 ± 0.23

Ex pre-term (n = 76, age 18.2 ± 1.3 years, 40 men)

(dP/dt) × (dU/dt)

Median (25th, 75th Percentiles)

    

W/m2/s × 104

1.68 (1.28, 2.78)

 − 0.84 (− 1.23, − 0.65)

0.76 (0.56, 1.14)

Control group (n = 42, 15 male, median age 19)

[68]

   

3.18 (2.27, 4.11)

 − 1.32 (− 1.96, − 0.89)

0.33 (0.20, 0.58)

Coarctation Patients, (n = 43, 21 male, median age 25 years)

(1/D) (dD/dt) (dU/dt)

m/s3

24.9 ± 10.6

      

Healthy volunteers (n = 25, 35 men, 20.8 ± 1.2 years)

[107]

  1. Waves reported after wave separation unless otherwise stated
  2. *SEM
Back to article page

Artery Research

ISSN: 1876-4401

Contact us