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Table 1 Comparisons of non-modifiable-, modifiable risk factors, cardiovascular measures, and biochemical markers between vascular ageing groups adjusted for sex and ethnicity

From: Non-modifiable and Modifiable Risk Factors in Vascular Ageing Extremes: The African-PREDICT Study

 

SN (cfPWV ≤ 5.32 m/s)

AVA (middle)

EVA (cfPWV ≥ 7.52 m/s)

p-values

N = 113

N = 901

N = 119

Overall

SN vs AVA

SN vs EVA

AVA vs EVA

Demographics

       

Age (years)

23.4 ± 2.98

24.5 ± 3.11

25.8 ± 2.79

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

Sex (male)

10/113 (8.8)

444/901 (49.3)

97/119 (81.5)

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

Ethnicity (Black)

60/113 (53.1)

458/901 (50.8)

47/119 (39.5)

p = 0.050

NS

p = 0.038

p = 0.020

Socio economic status (score)

20.0 ± 5.82

20.6 ± 6.06

21.6 ± 6.28

NS

NS

NS

NS

Lifestyle

       

Smokers (at least once a week)

8/113 (7.1)

220/900 (24.4)

43/119 (36.1)

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p = 0.006

Alcohol (at least once a week)

53/113 (46.9)

499/895 (55.8)

76/118 (64.4)

p = 0.028

NS

p = 0.007

NS

Body composition

       

Body height (m)

1.67 ± 0.06

1.69 ± 0.06

1.71 ± 0.06

p < 0.001

p = 0.039

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

Body weight (kg)

69.4 ± 15.2

70.2 ± 14.7

70.8 ± 15.1

NS

NS

NS

NS

Waist circumference (cm)

79.1 ± 11.5

79.4 ± 11.1

79.9 ± 11.4

NS

NS

NS

NS

Body mass index (kg/m2)

24.4 (23.6; 25.3)

24.2 (23.9;24.5)

23.7 (22.9; 24.5)

NS

NS

NS

NS

Body fat percentage (%)

24.5 ± 7.22

24.4 ± 7.0

23.4 ± 7.17

NS

NS

NS

NS

Waist-to-height ratio (ratio)

0.47 (0.46; 0.48)

0.47 (0.46; 0.47)

0.46 (0.45; 0.47)

NS

NS

NS

NS

Cardiovascular measures

       

Office SBP (mmHg)

114 ± 10.6

118 ± 30.0

124 ± 10.9

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

Office DBP (mmHg)

73.4 ± 7.15

78.2 ± 6.91

85.3 ± 7.10

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

Office MAP (mmHg)

89.9 ± 7.80

94.3 ± 7.53

101 ± 7.74

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

Office heart rate (bpm)

62.0 ± 9.45

64.1 ± 9.13

65.4 ± 9.38

p = 0.028

NS

p = 0.027

NS

Dietary intake

       

Total dietary fat (g)

74.3 ± 10.4

74.1 ± 29.6

73.7 ± 10.8

NS

NS

NS

NS

Saturated fat (g)

20.0 (18.0; 22.4)

20.0 (19.3; 20.8)

20.5 (18.4; 22.7)

NS

NS

NS

NS

Total sugar (g)

40.6 (33.8; 48.8)

42.0 (39.5; 44.7)

49.1 (41.2; 58.5)

NS

NS

NS

NS

Biochemical markers

       

Glucose (mg/dL)

89.9 (88.5; 91.2)

90.5 (90.1; 91.0)

91.2 (89.9; 92.6)

NS

NS

NS

NS

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (U/L)1

17.0 (15.1; 19.1)

17.7 (17.0; 18.4)

20.8 (18.6; 23.4)

p = 0.021

NS

NS

p = 0.023

HDL (mg/dL)

20.9 (19.5; 22.3)

19.1 (18.7; 19.6)

21.1 (19.8; 22.5)

p = 0.002

NS

NS

p = 0.019

LDL (mg/dL)

41.4 (38.4; 44.9)

40.2 (39.1; 41.3)

39.1 (36.4; 42.2)

NS

NS

NS

NS

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

65.8 (61.8; 69.9)

63.4 (62.2; 64.9)

64.9 (61.1; 68.8)

NS

NS

NS

NS

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

11.9 (10.8; 13.2)

13.0 (12.6; 13.5)

13.0 (11.9; 14.4)

NS

NS

NS

NS

Total cholesterol to HDL (ratio)

3.15 (2.97; 3.33)

3.32 (3.25; 3.38)

3.08 (2.91; 3.25)

p = 0.012

NS

NS

p = 0.035

Triglycerides to HDL (ratio)

0.57 (0.51; 0.64)

0.68 (0.65; 0.70)

0.62 (0.56; 0.69)

p = 0.006

p = 0.011

NS

NS

C-reactive protein (mg/L)*

0.81 (0.62; 1.07)

0.85 (0.77; 0.93)

0.77 (0.60; 1.00)

NS

NS

NS

NS

Reactive oxygen species (mmol/L)

36.6 (32.5; 41.2)

37.9 (36.4; 39.5)

43.2 (38.5; 48.4)

NS

NS

NS

NS

Interleukin-6 (pg/mL)

1.06 (0.93; 1.20)

1.05 (1.00; 1.10)

0.99 (0.88; 1.12)

NS

NS

NS

NS

Tumour-necrosis factor alpha (pg/mL)

1.03 (0.93; 1.15)

1.05 (1.02; 1.09)

1.07 (0.97; 1.19)

NS

NS

NS

NS

Superoxide dismutase (U/mL)

4.26 (3.88; 4.66)

4.07 (3.94; 4.20)

3.93 (3.60; 4.30)

NS

NS

NS

NS

  1. Pulse wave velocity groups were stratified as: SUPERNOVA (≤ 10th percentile) and EVA (≥ 90th percentile). Proportions are calculated with chi-square and reported as sample (percent within pulse wave velocity group). Data are reported as mean and standard deviation or geometric mean and 95% confidence interval
  2. SN super normal vascular aging; AVA average vascular aging; EVA early vascular aging, office SBP office systolic blood pressure, office DBP office diastolic blood pressure, office MAP office mean arterial pressure, HDL high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, NS not significant
  3. 1GGT adjusted for sex, ethnicity, and alcohol use (at least once a week)
  4. *C-reactive protein reported as median and (IQR)
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Artery Research

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